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Burn Patients and Antibiotic Dosing
- Burn patients have a number of abnormalities in the early postinjury phase that can significantly impact the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy. These include hypovolemia, hypoalbuminemia, and increasing GFR.
- A few pearls when dosing select antibiotics in burn patients:
- Aminoglycosides: in the absence of renal impairment, consider more frequent dosing to achieve adequate concentrations.
- Beta-lactams: typical doses often don't reach effective concentrations; increase the dose, frequency of administration, or duration of infusion.
- Vancomycin: the typical dose of 1 gm is usually ineffective; use a larger loading dose (15-20 mg/kg).
- Linezolid: standard doses are usually ineffective; use a higher initial dose.
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Question
33 year-old male found unconscious by EMS and complains of right shoulder pain upon waking up in the ED. Diagnosis?
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Injury is often caused by sudden dorsiflexion on a plantar flexed foot w/ the knee in extension or similarly sudden knee extension with the ankle in a dorsiflexed position.
Injury has a predilection for the poorly conditioned middle-aged athlete, with "thick calves" who are engaged in strenuous activity
Strains are treated with ice, analgesics, and compression (decreases hematoma size and facilitates healing)
Also, consider casting/splinting as dictated by injury severity, such as with a night splint or a CAM boot.
Severe strains and ruptures can be splinted in plantar flexion for 3 weeks.
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Background
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Patients who are intoxicated with, or emerging from, phencyclidine (PCP) highs present with acute agitation that can be challenging to treat
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Risks of physical restraints for combative patients include injury, hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, and increased agitation or excited delirium
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Haloperidol is an option for chemical restraint that is typically safe and rapid acting
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Some concerns related to haloperidol use in PCP-intoxicated patients include worsened PCP-induced hyperthermia, dystonic or anticholinergic reactions, lower seizure threshold, and hypotension
Data
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A recent retrospective case series assessed the frequency of adverse effects from the combination of PCP and haloperidol
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Of 59 cases, only two patients experienced an adverse reaction, and neither could be conclusively linked to haloperidol administration
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This analysis had several major limitations including retrospective design for identifying adverse reactions, potential for false positive PCP screens, and possible haloperidol administration more than 24 hours after PCP intoxication
Bottom Line
While haloperidol may be safe for agitated PCP-intoxicated patients, this paper adds nothing to refute or support its use. Benzodiazepines and calm environment are still first-line therapy.
It should be noted that no data exist showing poor outcomes in PCP-intoxicated patients administered haloperidol, which begs the question "Is there even an issue?" Dr. Leon Gussow, author of The Poison Review, provides a nice answer and summary of the article here.
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- General Information
- Organism: Bunyaviridae virus
- Transmission: inhalation of aerosols contaminated with rodent urine or feces.
- Seen in the southwestern United States, South and Central America
- Death occurs from decreased cardiac output and circulatory failure.
- Clinical Presentation
- Initial symptoms are nonspecific and occur 1-5 weeks after exposure: fever, malaise, myalgia, and GI upset
- Can progress to fulminant ARDS-like picture in previously health young patients.
- Signs NOT consistent with HPS: rash, hemorrhage, petechiae, peripheral or periorbital edema.
- Initial symptoms are nonspecific and occur 1-5 weeks after exposure: fever, malaise, myalgia, and GI upset
- Diagnosis
- The diagnosis must initially be made clinically.
- Lab tests may reveal nonspecific findings of thrombocytopenia, atypical lympthocytes with bandemia, hemoconcentration, and renal failure.
- Chest film will demonstrate bilateral interstitial infiltrates.
- Serology (ELISA) available through the CDC.
- Treatment
- There is no specific therapy for hantavirus infection; Treatment is primarily supportive, with attention to respiratory status and oxygenation.
University of Maryland Section for Global Emergency Health
Author: Andi Tenner
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Previous pearls have described the increasing evidence against colloid (e.g., hydroxyethyl starch) use during resuscitation. Now it appears that the crystalloid 0.9% normal saline (NS) may be under fire.
The use of large volumes of NS has been associated with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis and harm in animal studies. The risk of harm in humans, however, has been less clear.
Bellomo et al. conducted a prospective observational study in which patients being resuscitated in the control group received NS at the clinicians' discretion; i.e., chloride-liberal strategy. The use of NS was restricted in the intervention group, where other less chloride containing fluids were used for resuscitation (e.g., Ringer's Lactate); i.e., a chloride-restrictive strategy.
The authors found that when compared to patients in the chloride-liberal group, the chloride-restrictive group had significantly less rise in baseline creatinine, less overall AKI, and a reduced need for renal replacement therapy.
Bottom line: Although this was only an observational study, the liberal use of normal saline during resuscitation may increase the risk of AKI and renal replacement therapy.
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Question
11 year-old male is tackled and falls on his outstretched hand while playing football. X-rays are shown below. What's the diagnosis?
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An ECG pattern that signifies occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) without ST-segment elevation
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It seems we've finally put to bed the myth that 10% of penicillin-allergic patients will also react to cephalosporins. Dr. Campagna, et al. recently published a review article concluding that the true cross-reactivity is negligible except when side-chains are similar [PMID 21742459].
This topic was also the subject of a recent post on the Academic Life in EM blog (http://academiclifeinem.blogspot.com/2012/08/busting-myth-10-cephalosporin.html).
But what about the reverse question? Can I give a penicillin to a cephalosporin-allergic patient?
Dr. Romano's group tested 98 patients with skin-test postitive cepahlosprin allergy (mostly IgE -mediated anaphylaxis). Patients were then skin tested for penicillin allergy. Those testing negative were challenged with a penicillin.
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25% of patients reacted to the penicillin
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Similar side-chain was a strong predictor of cross-reactivity
A Letter to the Editor response to this study pointed out that the authors used a smaller-than-standard size threshold for a positive response to the penicllin AND used a higher-than-standard dose of amoxicillin for testing. In light of this, the rate of subjects with cephalosporin allergy who do not have a history of penicillin allergy but with true IgE-mediated allergy to penicillin might be much closer to 5%.
Bottom line: The cross-reactivity of penicillins in cephalosporin-allergic patients is somewhere between 5-25%.
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Conventional pediatric nasal cannula can safely deliver up to 4 lpm but are limited by cooling and drying of the airway. This leads to decreased airway patency, nasal mucosal injury, bleeding and possibly increase in coagulase negative staph infections.
HFNC delivers flow up to 40 lpm with 95-100% relative humidity at a controlled temperature. In infants, the initial flow rate is set between 2-4 lpm and can be increased to 8 lpm. Older children and can be started at 10 lpm and increased as high as 40 lpm. Oxygen is also adjustable.
Studies have shown improved comfort, respiratory rate and oxygenation compared to nasal CPAP.
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- Angioedema is induced by elevated levels of bradykinin.
- Bradykinin is noramlly degraded by angiotensin-1 converting enzyme and several other enzymes (including aminipeptidase–P)
- A deficiency in aminopeptidase-P likely leads to ACE induced angioedema.
- Treatment typically starts with discontinuing ACE inhibitors, administering H1 and H2 antagonists, and corticosteroids (all Class indeterminate).
- Another consideration may be FFP 10-15 ml/kg IV or the off label use of icatibant (both Class II recommendations).
- Icatibant inhibits the bradykin B2 receptor. It is a sythetic decapeptide structurally similar to bradykin.
- Icatibant has been effective in case reports and case series in ACE induced angioedema. There is a prospective, double blind randomized placebo controlled trial underway.
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Diagnosis should be considered in any individual over 5 years old with severe dehydration from diarrhea, regardless of exposure to an endemic area, and any patient over 2 years old with watery diarrhea in an endemic area.
Patients with severe cholera can stool as much as 1 L an hour. Replacing fluids is the most important part of treatment with oral rehydration being used as soon as possible. Oral rehydration therapy provides better potassium, carbohydrate, and bicarbonate replacement than most IV fluid solutions. Antibiotics will also decrease volume and duration of stooling but are only recommended in moderate to severe illness. Antiemetics are not useful because they can make patients sleepy and will reduce their ability to rehydrate orally. Antimotility medications will prolong the duration of illness.
University of Maryland Section for Global Emergency Health
Author: Jenny Reifel Saltzberg
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Serotonin Toxicity in the Critically Ill
- Serotonin toxicity (aka serotonin syndrome) can easily be overlooked and misdiagnosed in many of our critically ill patients.
- Several common ED medications are associated with serotonin toxicity and include tramadol, linezolid, ondansetron, and metoclopramide.
- Clues to the diagnosis include hyperthermia, increased muscle tone, hyperreflexia, dilated pupils and clonus. Of these, clonus is the most sensitive and specific sign.
- A few important treatment pearls:
- Avoid physical restraints
- Consider cyproheptadine: only available in PO form; initial dose is 12 mg
- Avoid dopamine for those that need vasopressors
- Avoid bromocriptine and dantrolene
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Question
33 year-old male in respiratory distress. What's the diagnosis?
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EPSS is an accurate and rapid bedside estimation of left ventricular function
First an image of heart should be obtained in the parasternal long-axis view
The ultrasound cursor should be placed through the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve
Subsequently, M-mode is applied and the distance between the anterior leaflet and the interventricular septum is measured during early diastole
A measurement of 7mm or greater indicates poor EF (see attachment below)
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Attachments
Distal radius fractures are common in children
Traditional management includes closed reduction +/- procedural sedation
The downside of this approach includes: patient risks, cost, physician time, ED bed time and tying up resources.
Kids have excellent bone remodeling potential...displaced and angulated fractures heal well without reduction
Crawford et al - 51 children aged 3 to 10 (avg 6.9 yrs) w/closed distal radius fractures.
Exclusions: open or growth plate fractures, metabolic bone disease or neurovascular injury.
No sedation, analgesia or fracture reduction was performed
Treatment: simple casting and gentle molding to correct angulation... i.e. fractures were left in a shortened, overriding position
Outcome: All patients had clinical and radiographic union and full range of motion of the wrist at one year w/ good patient (parent) satisfaction. This was associated w/ significant cost savings.
Consider this approach in consultation with orthopedist
Remember exclusions: open fractures, fracture dislocations, growth plate injuries and neurovascular injury.
Children w/ excessive angulation or rotational deformity should have standard care (closed reduction w/ sedation)
Multiple guidelines exist for "excessive angulation" but as a general rule
Age < 5 Up to 35 degrees
Age 5- 10 Up to 25 degrees
Age >10 Up to 20 degrees
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- The differential of child with stridor <6m:
- Tips for the treatment of croup: