Question

64 year-old male with no past medical history presents complaining of chronic weight-loss and diffuse chest pain; CXR is shown below. What's the diagnosis, and what other disease(s) may present this way?

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• Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is the 5th most common congenital heart defect.
• CoA typically manifests as a discrete constriction of the aortic isthmus.
• The majority of patients affected present in infancy with varying degrees of heart failure, which reflect predominantly the severity of the aortic narrowing. 
• Some patients may not present until later in childhood or adolescence,  with upper extremity hypertension,  either due to less severe initial narrowing or to the development of collateral circulation bypassing the coarctation.
• Tx options include surgery, balloon angioplasty, and stenting.
• Although early surgery may prevent/delay the onset of hypertension, approximately 30% will be hypertensive by adolescence.
• HTN is the single most important outcome variable in patients with CoA
• HTN present in young children is often under-recognized or not treated aggressively enough, screening for cardiovascular & renovascular anomalies is essential  
• Untreated CoA has significant early mortality, with mean age of death ~30-40

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Are discharged patients who suffer minor thoracic injury at risk of developing delayed pneumonia?

Prospective study of 1,057 patients age 16 and older with minor thoracic injury who were discharged from the ED. 

32.8% had at least one rib fracture

8.2% had asthma

3.4% had COPD

Only 6 patients developed pneumonia!!

Sex, smoking, atelectasis on CXR, and alcohol intoxication were not significantly associated with delayed pneumonia.

However, for patients with preexistent pulmonary disease (asthma or COPD) AND rib fracture, the relative risk of delayed pneumonia was 8.6. Patients without either of these conditions are at extremely low risk of future development of pneumonia.  

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Epidemiology:

Trampoline injuries doubled between 1991 and 1996, increasing from 39,000 injuries per year to more then 83,000 injuries per year.  Injury rates and trampoline sales peaked in 2004 and have been decreasing since; however, hospitalization rates are still between 3% and 14%.

Risk Factors:

¾ of injuries occur when multiple people are on the trampoline at once

Smaller participants were 14x more likely to be injured then their heavier playmates

Falls account for 27-39% of all injuries

Springs and frames account for 20% of injuries

Up to ½ of injuries occur despite adult supervision

Injury types:

Lower extremity injuries are more common than upper extremity

Head and neck injuries accounted for 10-17% of trampoline injuries

Unique Injuries:

Proximal tibial fractures

Manubriosternal dislocations and sternal injuries

Vertebral artery dissection

Atlanto-axial subluxation

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• Serum total tryptase measurements may be useful for confirmation of venom or drug induced anaphylaxis (not as useful for food induced)
• Can send serial tryptase levels at the time of presentation, 1-2 hours later, and at resolution
• This is NOT helpful for confirmation at the time of the episode, as it takes several hours to perform

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40 yo previously healthy male in China who presents with prolonged “seizure” after receiving a cut on his foot while fishing 5 days ago.

Dx: Tetanus

Clinical features:

·      Incubation period 4-14 days

·      3 clinical forms:

1.     Local spasm

2.     Cephalic (rare) -  cranial nerve involvement

3.     Generalized (most common) - Descending spasm: facial sneer (risus sardonicus),   “locked jaw” trismus, neck stiffness, laryngeal spasm, abdominal muscle spasm.

·      Spasms continue to 3-4 weeks and can take months to fully recover

Complications: apnea, rhabodymyolysis, fracture/dislocations

Treatment: supportive, benzodiazepines, RSI, Tetanus IG (3000-5000 units IM), wound debridement

University of Maryland Section for Global Emergency Health

Author: Veronica Pei, MD

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Question

An 86 year-old nursing home resident presents to the ED with a urinary tract infection, four days after discharge from the inpatient service for the same diagnosis. She was discharged from the inpatient service with a prescription for ciprofloxacin to be given through her gastric feeding tube (she does not take anything orally). Could her tube feeds be playing a role in the relapse of her urinary tract infection?

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Question

11 year-old boy presents with right knee pain and swelling after falling off of his bicycle. What's the diagnosis?

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In the rare circumstance you need to treat a patient with suspected PID and an allergy to doxycycline, what is the alternative?

For oral regimens, azithromycin is an option in place of doxycycline.

• In one randomized trial, azithromycin demonstrated short-term effectiveness when given 500 mg X 1, followed by 250 mg/day for 6 days.
• In another randomized study, the combination of ceftriaxone 250 mg IM single dose and azithromycin 1 g orally once a week for 2 weeks was effective.

Suggested regimen for PID with doxycycline allergy:

• Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM X 1
• Azithromcyin 500 mg IV/PO X 1, then 250 mg PO daily for 6 days
• plus/minus Metronidazole 500 mg PO twice daily for 14 days

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It is not often that a CT will be able to give you a hint to a toxicologic diagnosis. The following are CT findings that are either suggestive and even sometimes almost diagnostic for a given to toxin:

1) Intraparenchymal or Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: sympathomimetics or mycotic anuerysm rupture secondary to IV drug abuse

2) Basal Ganglia bilateral focal necrosis: characteristic of carbon monoxide, cyanide, hydrogen sulfide and even methanol

3) Severe advanced atrophy out of proportion for age: alcoholism, toluene

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General Information:
• Millions of people around the world (including our patients who travel and victims of disasters like Hurricane Sandy) are exposed to non-potable water.
• How to treat contaminated water:
      ♦ Filter cloudy water through a clean cloth or allow to settle prior to treatment
      ♦ The safest method is boiling water vigorously for 1 minute (or, at least 3 minutes at altitudes >6,000ft)
      ♦ Chemical disinfection is not as effective but, if boiling is not possible, use either:
              • 2 drops of unscented bleach (5.52% Cl) per quart/liter of water.  (Unknown strength? Add 10     drops per quart/liter.)
                -Or-
               • 5 drops of tincture of 2% iodine per quart/liter.
                     - If the water is cloudy or cold, double the chlorine or iodine.
                     - Notes: Pregnant women or people with thyroid conditions should not use iodine
       ♦ UV decontamination can be accomplished by leaving clear bottles of water in direct sun for >6 hours or special equipment, but requires clear water
• Boiling, Chlorine/Iodine, and UV will kill viruses, bacteria, and Giardia
• Only Boiling kills Cryptosporidium

Bottom Line:
• If bottled water is available, use it.
• If not, boil your water.
• In order to treat for a wide variety of pathogens, it is best to combine available methods.

University of Maryland Section for Global Emergency Health
Author: Andi Tenner
 

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Managing Critically Ill Patients with AKI

• Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in almost 50% of hospitalized patients and is an independent risk factor for mortality. 
• Updated guidelines have recently been published on the management of patients with AKI.
• Pearls for the management of patients with, or at risk of, AKI include:
  • Optimize volume status and perfusion pressure
    • Crystalloids preferred over colloids
    • Consider vasopressors to maintain MAP > 65 mm Hg
  • Avoid nephrotoxic drugs
  • Control co-factors
    • Monitor intra-abdominal pressure
    • Avoid hyperglycemia - target glucose < 150 mg/dL

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Question

2 year-old male with past medical history of asthma presents with fever and respiratory distress. CXR is shown below. What’s the diagnosis? (Hint: ...look beyond the obvious)

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Hematoma blocks for distal radius fractures

Hematoma blocks provide safe, effective analgesia without an increased risk of post procedural infections when compared with other regional blocks

Provide equal reduction quality AND pain control as procedural sedation with Propofol.

However, mean time to reduction (0.9 vs. 2.6 hours) and time to discharge post procedure (0.74 vs. 1.17 hours) were reduced with hematoma blocks.

Consider this option next time the department is busy or the patient is not an ideal procedural sedation candidate.

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• General information
  • Organism: 5 Plasmodium species (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi)
    • P. falciparum is responsible for most severe disease.
    • P. vivax and P. ovale are responsible for recrudescent disease.
  • Transmission via the female Anopheles mosquito, which bites at night or in the early morning.
  • Endemic in Asia, Africa, Central America, and South America

• Clinical presentation
  • Initially, the patient presents with an acute febrile illness: fever, chills, headache, nausea, lethargy, and upper respiratory symptoms.
  • Infection with P. falciparum can further progress to severe organ dysfunction.
  • The disease course is unpredictable in the non-immune individual.

• Diagnosis
  • Thick and thin peripheral blood smears demonstrating organism
    • Thick smear – confirms Plasmodium parasites
    • Thin smear – allows speciation of Plasmodium parasites
  • Hyperparasitemia is associated with increased mortality

• Treatment
  • P. falciparum or species unidentified
    • For severe malaria, IV quinine (quinidine if quinine not available)
    • IV artusenate is available from the CDC as a quinidine/quinine alternative.
    • DO NOT USE Chloroquine for severe malaria
  • Patients with evidence of complicated malaria (>3% parasitemia, signs of organ dysfunction, alterations in mental status) should be admitted to an ICU.

University of Maryland Section for Global Emergency Health

Author: Emilie J.B. Calvello, MD, MPH

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A low-tidal volume (or protective) strategy of mechanical ventilation (i.e., tidal volume of 6-8cc/kg of ideal body weight) has previously been demonstrated to be beneficial in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

A meta-analysis was recently performed to determine whether this strategy of mechanical ventilation is also beneficial for patients without lung injury prior to initiation of mechanical ventilation.

Dr. Neto, et al. performed a meta-analysis of 20 studies (total of 2,822 mechanically ventilated patients) comparing a conventional ventilation strategy (average tidal volume was 10.6 cc/kg) to a protective ventilation strategy (average tidal volume was 6.4 cc/kg) of mechanical ventilation.

The authors concluded that patients ventilated with a protective lung-strategy had reductions in:

• Mortality
• Lung injury and ARDS
• Atelectasis
• Pulmonary infections          
• Length of hospital stay

Bottom-line: This meta-analysis supports the notion that a strategy of low-tidal volume ventilation may have benefits for patients without ARDS, however prospective studies are needed.

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Do you like placing ultrasound-guided IV catheters? Check out this trick for covering the probe during the procedure.

http://ultrarounds.com/Ultrarounds/The_Vascular_Probe_Protector.html

or

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuOq6Ea_FbA&feature=plcp

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