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Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)
- Though less common, HHS has a mortality rate that is 10x greater than DKA.
- The hallmark features of HHS include severe hyperglycemia (> 600 mg/dL), hyperosmolality (> 320 mOsm/kg), minimal to no ketosis, and severe dehydration.
- Though the management of HHS is similar to DKA and includes fluid resuscitation, correction of hyperglycemia, and correction of electrolyte abnormalities, it is important to also monitor serum osmolality.
- Too rapid correction of serum osmolality can cause cerebral edema and worsen patient outcomes.
- Current recommendations are to monitor serum osmolality every 1-2 hours with a correction of no more than 3 mOsm/kg/hr.
References
Long B, Willis GC, Lentz S, et al. Diangosis and management of the critically ill adult patient with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. J Emerg Med. 2021;61:365-75.