Search
BOTTOM LINE: It is critical to recognize and treat symptomatic hypocalcemia in pediatric patients.
Pediatric hypocalcemia has a variety of causes that should be considered. In the neonate congenital causes should be on the differential.
- In neonates, common causes include prematurity, infections, and maternal diabetes
- In infants and children vitamin D deficiency is most common, with rare causes including genetic etiologies, hyperparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism
Parathyroid hormone levels should be checked on all patients along with magnesium levels and ionized calcium.
An ECG should also be obtained for prolonged QTc.
Management is guided by acute symptoms (tetany, seizures, cramping, etc.) or other signs of critical illness (sepsis, trauma, etc.) in conjunction with low ionized calcium levels.
For symptomatic patients give 20 mg/kg of elemental calcium IV over a 10–20 min period
- 2 ml/kg of 10% calcium gluconate OR
- 0.7 ml/kg of 10% calcium chloride
For asymptomatic patient oral calcium supplements are typically given.
Failure to recognize concomitant hypomagnesemia may result in hypocalcemia that is resistant to treatment.
Disposition: Those children receiving IV calcium should be admitted with every 4-to-6-hour calcium levels and typically require ICU level admission. Children being monitored with oral supplementation can often be observed on a pediatric floor presuming there are no ECG abnormalities.
References
Zieg J, Ghose S, Raina R. Electrolyte disorders related emergencies in children. BMC Nephrol. 2024 Aug 30;25(1):282. doi: 10.1186/s12882-024-03725-5. PMID: 39215244; PMCID: PMC11363364.