UMEM Educational Pearls

Risk stratisfication score introducted by Maden Samuel in 2002.

The Pediatric Appendicitis Score had a sensitivity of 1, speciificity of 0.92, positive predictive value of 0.96, and negative predictive value of 0.99

Signs:

• Right lower quadrant tenderness = 2 points
• Cough/Percussion/Hop RLQ tenderness = 1 point
• Pyrexia = 1 point

Symptoms:

• RLQ migration of pain = 1 point
• Anorexia = 1 point
• Nausea/Vomiting = 1 point

Laboratory Values:

• Leukocytosis = 2 points
• Polymorphonuclear neutrophiia = 1 point

Scores of 4 or less are least likely to have acute appendicitis, while scores of 8 or more are most likely.

Show References

In June 2013 the American College of Medical Toxicology (ACMT) released a Guidance Document on the Management Priorities in Salicylate Toxicity. Here are some key highlights:

• Continuous IV infusion of sodium bicarbonate is indicated even in the presence of mild alkalemia from the early respiratory alkalosis.
• Euvolemia is important.
• If intubation is required, administration of sodium bicarbonate by IV bolus at the time of intubation in a sufficient quantity to maintain a blood pH of 7.45-7.5 over the next 30 minutes is a reasonable management option during this critical juncture.
• Once airway control has been established, it is imperative that the increased minute ventilation and low PCO2 usually seen with salicylate intoxication are maintained.
• A salicylate concentration approaching 100 mg/dL warrants consideration of hemodialysis in the acute toxicity setting (40 mg/dL for chronic toxicity). Consult nephrology well before these threshold levels.

The full document can be accessed here.

The Poison Review blog by Dr. Leon Gussow discusses the guidance document here.

Follow me on Twitter (@PharmERToxGuy) 

Question

3 year-old male develops rash 5 days after starting amoxicillin for acute otitis media. What's the diagnosis? 

Show Answer

Show References

1. Typically the normal ECG shows progression of T-wave size across the precordial leads & the T-wave in V1 is inverted or flat
2. A large upright T-wave in V1 can be considered normal when there is high voltage/LVH or LBBB
3. A new upright T-wave in V1 can be indicative of significant atherosclerotic disease
4. If the T-wave in V1 is larger than the T-wave in V6 have a high suspicion for myocardial disease
5. A new tall upright T-wave in V1 has ~84% specificity for ischemic heart disease (Barthwal)

Show References

A recent, randomized study evaluated two approaches for treating acute pain in an inner-city ED.

• Group 1 received hydromorphone 2 mg. Group 2 received hydromorphone 1 mg (with the option of a second 1 mg dose 15 minutes later).
• 1 hour after the dose, patients were asked if they wanted more pain medication.
• Both groups had an equal proportion of patients decline more pain medication at one hour (67%). 61% of patients in the 1 + 1 group only needed the initial dose of hydromorphone!
• Secondary outcomes and safety measures were also similar between the groups.
• Patients with chronic pain, age >64, weight <150 pounds, or opioid use within last 7 days were excluded. 

Application to clinical practice: For most patients with acute, severe pain in the ED, start with hydromorphone 1 mg. It may be all the patient needs and can potentially avoid giving them extra opioid they don't need.

Show References

• Hold metformin if the patient is at risk for dehydration (eg. vomiting, diarrhea) due to the risk of lactic acidosis
• Medications that stimulate insulin secretion (eg. sulfonylureas, repaglinide, or nateglinide) should be held if the patient is at risk for hypoglycemia
• Patients usually should continue their basal insulin, but may decrease or hold their bolus dosing.
• Finger sticks should be checked every 2-4 hours for those on insulin, or 2-4 times per day for type II diabetics not on insulin.

Show References

Background:

Infection with the Hepatitis C  virus can result in mild to severe liver disease.  Morbidity and mortality from Hep C is increasing the US--many of the 2.7-3.9 million persons with Hep C are not aware of their infection.

Pertinent Information:

- Hepatitis C is now curable for many patients

- Current treatment recommendations are a combination of medications (pegylated interferon plus ribavirin plus a protease inhibitor). 

- Research in this field is very active--treatment is likely to change in the next 3-5 years.

- Risk reduction strategies to protect the liver (i.e. eliminating alcohol and Hep A and B vaccination) are also recommended.

Critical New Recommendation

As much of the disease burden is in the “Baby Boomers,” the CDC  now recommends one time testing of all persons born between 1945 and 1965. 

Bottom Line:

While emergency department management is focused on the treatment of acute complications of liver disease, it is also important to have all age appropriate patients follow-up for testing and treatment of Hepatitis C with their primary care provider.

Show References

Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is a colloid used for volume resuscitation in critically-ill patients.

Previous studies (click here) have compared crystalloids to HES during fluid resuscitation and have demonstrated that HES has an increased cost with more adverse effects. Adverse effects may include:

• Coagulopathy
• Acute kidney injury
• Increased mortality

In the United States, the Federal Drug Administration published a warning on June 24^th 2013 with respect to the use of HES in critically ill adult patients. Specifically, it warned about the use of HES in patients,

• with sepsis
• with pre-existing kidney injury
• admitted to the ICU
• undergoing heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

If a decision to use HES is made, the FDA warning advises to:

• discontinue use of HES at the first sign of renal injury or coagulopathy
• continue to monitor renal function for at least 90 days (all patients)

Bottom line: With an increased cost and evidence of harm compared to crystalloids, it appears the indications for use of HES are rapidly declining.

Show References

Question

65 year-old male presents with nausea and diffuse abdominal pain, 3 days after knee replacement surgery. What's the diagnosis?

Show Answer

Show References

• Statin therapy significantly reduces the risk for thrombotic events
• A recent study sought to determine the impact of short-term intensive statin therapy on intracoronary plaque lipid content
• 87 patients with multivessel CAD undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and at least 1 other severely obstructive were randomized to intensive (rosuvastatin
  40 mg daily) or standard-of-care lipid-lowering therapy
• Upon follow-up, median reduction (95% confidence interval) was significantly greater in the intensive versus standard group ( p=0.01)
• Short-term intensive statin therapy in small trials reduces lipid content in obstructive lesions and further large studies with longer follow-up are warranted

Show References

Sternal fractures

• Initially thought to be associated with high mortality due to associated injuries though newer studies show the mortality rate is about 1%.
• Can be associated with
  • Rib fractures
  • Mediastinal injury
  • Cardiac Contusion
  • Pneumothorax
  • Aortic dissection
  • Pulmonary Contusion
• The diagnosis can be made with plain radiographs, but a fracture can be missed on a regular PA and Lateral Chest Xray.  Ask for dedicated sternal views to better define the fracture
  • CT Chest is only needed if you are concerned about associated injuries
• Obtain an ECG on arrival and at 6 hours to ensure there are no signs of a myocardial contusion
  • ST segment changes, arrhthymias
• Treatment is supportive. Provide adequate pain control and treat associated injuries

Show References

When reviewing a patient's medication list, there are always some that should catch your eye. Digoxin is one since we can measure it, has a low therapeutic index and elimination is effected when renal function is diminished. Another drug that should catch your eye is SOTALOL. Renally cleared and affected by even a minimally lower than normal magnesium. The toxic effect even at therapeutic levels is torsades de pointes.

One study, in a 736 bed hospital, showed 89% of patients prescribed sotalol were on an inappropriate dose due to renal function and an odds ratio of 3.7 increased re-admission rate at 6 months for the patients on the inappropriate dose of sotalol.

We can catch this in the ED. Involve your pharmacist, ED pharmacist or local toxicologist for dosing calculations.

Show References

General Information:

An estimated 70 children in the world die every 5 minutes-- 99% of these deaths are from developing countries, half in Sub-Saharan Africa , and two-thirds from preventable or easily treatable causes.

Area of the world affected:

One study examining the quality of hospital emergency care of 131 children in 21 hospitals in 7 developing countries found:

·       66% of hospitals did not have adequate triage; 41% of patients had inadequate initial assessment;

·       44% received inappropriate treatment and 30% had insuf cient monitoring.

·       Frequent essential drugs, laboratory and radiology services supply outages

·       Staffing and knowledge shortages for medical and nursing personnel

Relevance to the US physician:

The International Federation of Emergency Medicine (IFEM) used a consensus approach to develop the International Standards for Emergency Care of Children in Emergency Departments, published in July 2012.

·       The standards covering initial assessment, stabilization and treatment, staf ng and training

·       Guidelines for coordinating, monitoring and improving the pediatric emergency care are addressed

Bottom Line:

The IFEM International Standards for Emergency Care of Children provide an excellent resource for both clinicians and hospital managers in developing countries.

University of Maryland Section of Global Emergency Health

Author:Terrence Mulligan DO, MPH,FIFEM, FACEP, FAAEM, FACOEP, FNVSHA

--thanks and acknowledgments to Baljit Cheema, University of Cape Town and Stellenbosch University, South Africa

Show References

CVP and Fluid Responsiveness

• Central venous pressure (CVP) has been used over the last 50 years to assess volume status and fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients.
• Despite widespread practice habit, CVP has not been shown to reliably predict fluid responsiveness in the critically ill.
• In a recent updated meta-analysis, Marik et al reviewed 43 studies, totaling over 1800 patients.
  • 57% of patients were fluid responders
  • The mean CVP was 8.2 mm Hg for fluid responders and 9.5 mm Hg for non-responders
  • For studies performed in ICU patients, the correlation coefficient for CVP and change in cardiac index was just 0.28.
• Bottom line: Current literature does not support the use of CVP as a reliable marker of fluid responsiveness.

Show References

Question

Name three differential diagnoses based on the CXR below.

Show Answer

Show References

Bifascicular block

1. Right bundle branch block (RBBB) + left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) 
2. RBBB + left posterior fascicular block (LPFB)
3. Complete left bundle branch block (LBBB)

Incomplete Trifascicular block

1. Bifascicular block w/1^st degree AV block    *classically referred to as “trifascicular block”*
2. Bifascicular block w/2^nd degree AV block
3. Alternating LBBB + RBBB

Complete Trifascicular block

1. Bifascicular block w/3^rd degree AV block 

Show References

Tennis Elbow

The tendon usually involved in tennis elbow is called the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB).

 The ECRB  muscle helps stabilize the wrist when the elbow is straight.

Ask the patient to straighten the arm at the elbow and then perform resisted long finger extension. This will stress the ECRB and reproduce the pain. One can also ask the patient to lift the top of a chair in the air with the elbow extended.

General Information:

Hepatitis A is a food-borne illness that is prevalent in developing countries.  Currently in the US we are experiencing an outbreak in 8 states related to a frozen blend of organic berries. (Linked to Townson Farms brand sold at Costco and Harris Teeter)

Clinical Presentation:

- Case definition: sudden onset of S/S + jaundice or elevated liver enzyme levels

- S/S: nausea, anorexia, fever, malaise, abdominal pain

Diagnosis:

- Hepatitis A IgM

Treatment:

- Exposed patients should be given the Hep A vaccine within 2 weeks of exposure

- Exposed patients >40 yrs old, <1 yr old, immunocompromised, or with chronic liver disease: give immunoglobulin instead (risk of more severe disease)

- Supportive care

Bottom Line:

Patients potentially exposed to Hepatitis A in the past 2 weeks should be given either the vaccination or immunoglobulin, depending on comorbid conditions.  Treatment of active infection is supportive.

University of Maryland Section of Global Emergency Health

Author: Andi Tenner, MD, MPH

Show References

Keep Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) in your differential for patients with thrombocytopenia and evidence of bleeding. Although ITP has classically been described in children, it can occur in adults; especially between 3^rd- 4^th decade.

Thrombocytopenia leads to the extravasation of blood from capillaries, leading to skin bruising, mucus membrane petechial bleeding, and intracranial hemorrhage.

ITP occurs from production of auto-antibodies which bind to circulating platelets. This leads to irreversible uptake by macrophages in the spleen. Causes of antibody production include:

• Medication exposure
• Infection (usually viral), including HIV and hepatitis
• Immune disorders (e.g., lupus)
• Pregnancy
• Idiopathic

Suspect ITP in patients with isolated thrombocytopenia on a CBC without other blood-line abnormalities. Abnormality in other blood-line warrants consideration of another diagnosis (e.g., leukemia).

ITP cannot be cured; treatments include:

• Steroid to suppress antibody production (first-line therapy)
• Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
• IV Rho immunoglobulin (for Rh+ patients only)
• Rituximab +/- dexamethasone
• Splenectomy (rare cases of massive hemorrhage refractory to pharmacologic treatment)